Harriet Shaw Weaver and Maria McDonald Jolas (1893-1987) and Eugene Jolas (1894- 1952) supported Joyce as he moved through Ulysses to Finnegan’s Wake (1939). Through the financial support of Harriet Shaw Weaver (1876-1961), to whom the American writer Ezra Pound (1885-1972) introduced Joyce while in Zurich, Joyce published Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, revised from an earlier draft entitled Portrait of the Artist, and worked on his monumental novel Ulysses (1922).ĭespite financial strain, worsening eyesight, and the mental instability of his and Nora’s daughter Lucia, Joyce continued to experiment with writing, gaining literary renown among an important circle of intellectuals and artists. Joyce’s realism ultimately opens up into the human psyche. Its “action” reveals hidden motivations, motivations that are deeper than the “real” situations the stories describe, motivations that lie deep in the unconscious. Joyce’s short stories redefined the traditional short story narrative form by “replacing” the rising-action, climax, and aftermath of Freytag’s triangle with Wordsworthian spots of time, or what Joyce termed epiphanies. In 1912, he returned briefly to Ireland to see to the publication of The Dubliners (1914), a collection of short stories. His own intellectual and artistic growth, his school mates, roommates, acquaintances, and family members shaped and gave focus to his work, as did conflicts arising from Joyce’s views on Roman Catholicism and Irish self-governance. Although he lived on the Continent, Joyce’s writing consistently drew from his life in Dublin. In 1901, Joyce and his partner Nora Barnacle left Ireland to live in Trieste, where Joyce taught English they also lived in Zurich and Paris. He then studied modern languages at University College Dublin where he immersed himself in literature and theater. He studied briefly at Christian Brothers O’Connell School before finding a place at Belvedere College, a Jesuit school.
Joyce’s education became tenuous when, due to financial uncertainty, he was removed from Clongowes Wood College. Joyce’s father John was a property tax collector whose alcoholism and consequent unreliability steadily reduced the family’s income and social standing. James Joyce was born in Dublin into a middle-class, Catholic family.
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